The rise of Modern Medicine

The professionalization of medical practice from the renaissance through the twentieth century

• Sixth century BCE: Greece — Medical schools

• Fourth century BCE:India and Sri Lanka —Hospitals were attached to Buddhist monasteries

• Between 460 and 370 BCE:Hippocrates developed a collection of medical teachings now known as the Hippocratic Corpus

• 300 CE:present-day Iran — First teaching hospital with visiting physicians and scholars was founded at Gondishapur.

1. caring for the sick

2. feeding the hungry

3. assisting widows and orphans,

4. clothing the poor

5. offering hospitality to strangers

• During the Middle Ages(5-15century)and Renaissance: Europe — Caring for the sick fell under the purview of the Catholic Church

• Fifth and sixth centuries:monasteries and convents(女修道院)opened sick wards

• Thirteenth century: universities in Italy and Germany — training physicians and standardizing medical instruction.

• Fourteenth century:

(for poor and infirm)institutional care expanded rapidly with the rise of the Black Death.—> multiple beds—>allowing hospitals to treat many patients at the same time.

(for Wealthy citizens)—>receive private medical care through home visits from physicians.

• Renaissance era(14-16century) through the Enlightenment(17-18century): Europe — the development of hospitals is linked to the history of science and the practice of modern medicine, as these hospitals became critical sites for the practice of clinical research and professional training. physicians strove to raise the profile of their profession by disassociating themselves with self-trained healers, apothecaries(药剂师), midwives(助产士), and barber-surgeons.

• Eighteenth century:a tangible expression of the Enlightenment’s commitment to rationality and progress.

• Nineteenth century: industrialization and urbanization —>advances in anesthesia(麻醉) and the introduction of antiseptic —> vast improvements in professionalization of medical .